The most common question new copywriters ask me is how to get copywriting clients. This question is usually followed by whether they should consider focusing on copywriting niches.
I’ve always been wishy-washy about copywriting niches, and here’s why.
I’ve been working successfully as a generalist since 2002. I consider myself a b2b and b2c copywriter who can write about a variety of topics. Over the years, I’ve never gotten the sense that potential clients cared if I worked in a copywriting niche or not.
But the other day, while doing keyword research on copywriting topics, I came across some data that surprised me and forced me to reconsider my stance. I discovered tons of phrases that suggest people are searching for copywriters based on niches and specialties.
Check out this screenshot from Semrush, which is the keyword tool that I use.
Pay attention to the columns labeled keyword, volume (monthly search volume), and the one that starts with “K” (it got cut off: the full acronym is KD, which stands for keyword difficulty)
The screenshot suggests to me that people are essentially searching for copywriting niches (like food copywriting and science copywriting) in search engines like Google.
This is a very small sampling, too.
Food copywriter
Science copywriter
Holistic health copywriter
Environmental copywriter
The little “I” and “C” next to the search terms stand for “informational” and “commercial.” Semrush is a great tool because it tries to understand the searcher’s intent. Informational means the person doing the search wants information. For example, someone searching on “alternative health copywriter” might want to know what one is or how to become one.
The commercial intent category means people doing the search are investigating brands and services. So, someone searching on “LinkedIn profile copywriter” might be looking for a writer to help them develop their LI profile.
My takeaway: There’s a TON of opportunity here, which suggests focusing on a copywriting niche might make sense.
Newer copywriters could find copywriting niches they’re excited about (and have experience in) that people are searching for. For example, a copywriter could build a page on their site about being a LinkedIn profile copywriter and what their process is like. Sure, it’s a low-volume search term, but with a well-written page (and an overall good site), the page could land on the first page of Google (over time).
Again, the above is a small sampling. There are TONS of niches, like . . .
financial copywriter (110 MSV, 0 KD)
wedding industry copywriter (50 MSV, 2 KD)
insurance copywriter (50 MSV, 6 KD)
(Honestly, if you have any financial chops at all, you could make a go of it being a financial copywriter. I can’t tell you how many prospects I’ve turned away over the years simply because writing for the financial space isn’t something I’m interested in doing.)
How this could play out if you focus on a few copywriting niches:
You could have service pages on your website about the copywriting niches you specialize in. These pages would demonstrate your knowledge and passion for these niches. You could also have blog posts on various spin-off topics that would highlight your knowledge and writing ability.
You could focus your LinkedIn content around these copywriting niches and become a real thought leader in the space. You could also zero in on and engage with brands and businesses that use (or might use) a freelance copywriter in your niche.
If you do a great job optimizing your site around your copywriting niches, you will likely capture some of the related search traffic (over time). And if you do a good job with your site, people who land on it as a result of their search could end up becoming clients. BOOM! That’s more than half the battle right there. When a client comes to you about a project, you don’t need to sell them on who you are. They’re already interested, thanks to what they’ve read on your website.
I can’t emphasize that last point enough: When you cold call or cold email a company, you’re trying to sell them on why they need a copywriter and why they should use you specifically. But when someone comes to you through organic search, you don’t need to sell them. They’ve already bought into the idea of using a copywriter. If they check out your site and get in touch as a result, it’s simply a matter of discussing the project, seeing if you’re a good fit, and providing a quote.
How to discover copywriting niches that people are searching on in Google – a visual tutorial
Below is my video, in which I take a deeper dive and show you exactly what I discovered about copywriting niches.
The search I ran and that you should run to find the perfect copywriting niches to focus on
How to develop spin-off topics for blog posts
A couple of excellent sites that are doing exactly what I’m suggesting here
NOTE: I recommend watching this video on a desktop or laptop, not your phone.
A couple of assumptions:
1. I’m assuming you’ve done your homework and you know what search engine optimization (SEO) is. If you’re serious about making a living as a copywriter, you need to understand SEO. If you haven’t done that work yet, start with this: HubSpot Academy’s SEO Certification Course (it’s free).
Are you new to copywriting? Here are my go-to resources for learning the ins and outs.
I use Amazon Affiliate links. If you use one of the links to buy something, it won’t cost you more, but I’ll earn a small commission. I only recommend stuff that I believe in. I own both of these books.
Have other questions about copywriting niches? Ask the Copy Bitch!
That’s me. I’m the Copy Bitch! I have a YouTube channel for copywriters. You can browse the videos and leave comments. Or you can contact me directly with questions, and I will (hopefully) either update this post and/or record a video that answers your question.
https://etrobbins.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/robin-bradley-logo-300x105.png00Robyn Bradleyhttps://etrobbins.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/robin-bradley-logo-300x105.pngRobyn Bradley2023-03-19 13:27:012024-08-31 14:49:48Copywriting Niches: Yes or No? A Smart Way to Decide
Good primary and secondary sources can enrich your content marketing and transform an otherwise mediocre article or blog post into something that’s worth reading.
But what are primary and secondary sources? Is one better than the other?
Why do you need primary and secondary sources in content marketing anyway?
You might be thinking, “Heck, I’m writing a blog post about a long-tail keyword phrase for a client that’s ultimately trying to draw in a prospective customer to buy what the client is selling. Why on earth do I need to worry about sources? This isn’t an eleventh-grade English class; I’m not writing an academic paper.”
That’s all true.
But using reliable, accurate sources lends credibility to what you’re writing. Are you trying to create light fluff with generalizations and hazy stats that sound suspect? Or are you trying to create a compelling piece that educates and inspires action of some kind?
This is the biggest problem I have with AI right now—and why I’m not worried about AI coming for my job as a freelance copywriter. AI technology hasn’t evolved anywhere close to what a human can bring to the table. AI simply scans the vastness of content already in existence and, through complex algorithms, culls what it’s been programmed to deem as relevant and salient—and then it spits out a narrative.
But how reliable is AI? Not very, based on what we’re seeing. Yes, it gets a lot of stuff right. It also gets a lot of stuff wrong. And where the heck is it getting the right stuff and wrong stuff from—that’s the thing you need to ask yourself.
And it’s precisely WHY you always need to cite sources in your blog posts, white papers, and ebooks. As a writer, it’s your responsibility to evaluate said sources before you include them in the first place.
Is the source reputable?
Is the source reliable?
Does the source have an agenda?
If you’re dealing with statistics, are they recent?
Regarding that last bullet point, the definition of “recent” will vary, depending on the topic. For example, health data is a moving target and is often updated regularly. Always aim to find the most recent data and statistics available.
I’m linking to a media bias chart that I encourage you to check out. It provides an excellent starting point for determining what media publications and news outlets you should consider using—and avoiding—when doing research and citing sources.
Remember, using reliable, reputable, accurate sources shows the reader that you’ve done your due diligence.
For example, let’s say someone is searching for information on kidney stones. Maybe they recently had one, and they want to learn ways to prevent a future stone or what to do if they suspect they have another one.
First, they land on a blog post written in the first person where someone talks about their experience with one kidney stone and their “cure” for preventing any subsequent stones from forming. The cure involves a recipe with herbs that the writer says people should drink once a day if they’ve had a kidney stone. There are no stats or sources for this supposed cure.
But in another article, the writer provides official stats on the prevalence of kidney stones (from a reliable source like the National Institutes of Health), tips for foods to eat and avoid (from the National Kidney Foundation), and an interview with a urologist who regularly treats kidney stones and who offers six tips for preventing them.
See the difference?
How do you evaluate a source’s credibility, reliability, and accuracy?
This is not the place to attempt to break new ground. Go with the gold standards. (A caveat is that I’m US-based, so I’m writing this from a specific lens in terms of what are considered reliable, credible, and accurate sources.)
Sources I consider credible, reliable, and accurate:
Pubs and outlets in the middle column (labeled “neutral) in the media bias chart
Official US government statistics and data (e.g., census data, Department of Labor stats on various industries, National Institutes of Health, etc.)
Interviews with true subject matter experts (SMEs) in their field. A urologist is an expert in kidney stones but not brain cancer. And I’m not going to quote SMEs who are considered controversial. During the pandemic, a clutch of MDs had vastly different opinions from the majority of other MDs regarding vaccines. Your job as a copywriter isn’t to stir the pot (unless it is, but that will likely be rare). Again, you don’t want the source you use to get in the way of the information you’re trying to impart.
Other reliable primary sources (more on this in a moment)
Reliable secondary sources (more on this below)
OK, onto the next section!
What is a primary source?
Don’t let the word “primary” fool you. It doesn’t automatically mean “better” than secondary. Think “original” and “first-hand” account when you hear the word primary.
Are original documents primary sources? Yep, original documents are primary sources. Examples: the U.S. Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, the Gettysburg Address
Are letters and diaries primary sources? Yep, original letters and diaries are primary sources. Examples: Letters between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, letters between John Adams and Abigail Adams, The Diary of Anne Frank, Martin Luther King Jr’s “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”
Are photographs and videos primary sources? Yep, original photos and videos are primary sources. OK, so we live in an age where deep fake videos are a thing, and, of course, it’s easy to manipulate photos. So keep that in mind when looking at contemporary videos and photos. But footage and photos from, say, Woodstock or one of the World Wars—those are all primary sources. The footage people capture of events today on their cell phones is a primary source (think of all the footage we’ve seen over the last several years involving police shootings). Police body cam video would also be a primary source.
Are interviews primary sources? Yes, interviews with people who can provide first-hand or contemporary accounts of an event or topic are considered primary sources. As a copywriter, you’ll likely be interviewing “subject matter experts” or SMEs, as we say in the biz. Your SMEs will often be from your client’s company . . . or a client’s customer (when writing a case study). For example, if you’re doing work for a manufacturing company, you might interview the head engineer about a new product they just released. Or if your client throws a 50th-anniversary party with clients and employees, and you’re writing a blog post about the event, you might interview people who attended the party. Again, they’re giving first-hand accounts of the event. While these sorts of interviews are considered primary sources, you always have to ask yourself if the person you’re interviewing is reliable and credible. Think about it this way: five people can witness the same car accident, and all will have a slightly different “take,” right? That’s why eyewitness accounts, while compelling, aren’t always reliable, even though they are considered primary sources. (And it’s a great example of why “primary” doesn’t automatically mean “better.”)
NERD ALERT: Are you a fan of The Newsroom on HBO? I’m a big Aaron Sorkin fan and love this show. Season 2 deals with this entire topic—primary sources, how you decide if someone is credible, and what happens when a source (or the format it’s presented in) gets manipulated. This is something that’s becoming more problematic in our world, given the rise of deep fake videos.
Is original research considered a primary source? Yep! Again, anyone can produce “research.” You want to look for reputable, reliable research. The gold standard in scientific and academic settings is research published in peer-reviewed journals. And yes, since all research is being conducted by fallible humans, even reputable research in reputable journals can miss at times. Which means mistakes happen. And sometimes research, even in respected places, is retracted. (Here’s a famous example.) So you have to keep that in mind. But my point is if you’re doing an article on vaccines, for example, you’re probably going to want to rely on research from places like JAMA rather than a fringe publication. Unless, again, you’re trying to stir the pot.
Are official statistics and data considered primary sources? Yes, but the keyword is “official.” Anyone can spout a statistic. We see that all the time on social media. “The majority of folks believe X.” OK, well, how is “majority” defined, in this case, and where did the statistic originate from? What was the study? Has it been replicated? Peer-reviewed? And yes—it’s really hard for lay people (including me) without any training in statistics or statistical analysis to look at data and draw accurate conclusions. People spend years in school learning how to do this well.
I rely on places like government sources for data and stats on things related to health, economics, industry stats (for example, the number of truck drivers in the US), and things like that. Another go-to would be The American Cancer Society for all things related to cancer since its stats are always current and reliable.
Another good source for stats on a wide variety of topics is Statista. It describes itself as “the statistics portal for market data” and offers “insights and facts across 170 industries and 150+ countries.” You can access free statistics, but it also has paid options for unlocking even more. I don’t currently pay. I usually find what I need in the free database.
What is a secondary source?
A secondary source is only one step removed from a primary source. It usually relies on and/or refers to the primary source, but it brings in additional insight, interpretation, analysis, research, and commentary.
Primary Source: The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank
Secondary Source: All About Anne by The Anne Frank House
Again, you have to always consider the reliability and credibility of the secondary source. Because anyone can “write” a secondary source. I could write blog posts about Anne Frank. But the secondary source listed above that’s written by the Anne Frank House Museum is a much better source, given the access it has to original materials and the vast knowledge base its curators and people have.
See the difference?
Your writing will likely have a good mix of primary sources and secondary sources.
For most stuff you write, you’ll likely be interviewing subject matter experts (a primary source), referring to official data and stats (primary sources), and rounding out our research with credible secondary sources (like articles about a specific topic).
How to find primary and secondary sources quickly: Here’s my go-to place.
English teachers will cringe at what I’m about to say, but Wikipedia is often my go-to place for doing initial research. I don’t recommend linking to Wikipedia as your source, but Wikipedia is a great place to do research because its articles do a lot of heavy lifting for you, thanks to all the citations within.
If you’ve ever read a piece on Wikipedia, you’ve likely seen the superscript numbers referring to footnotes. Those numbers are hyperlinked. You click on one, and it brings you to the footnote at the bottom of the page, which is where you’ll find the source information—and those are usually hyperlinked as well. So you can often find reliable primary and secondary sources in those footnotes.
Sure, sometimes links are broken. And yes, some articles have better sources than others. But it gives you a great place to start.
Again, you won’t use Wikipedia as your source, with very few exceptions. I know I’ve linked to Wikipedia in my personal blogs. I also remember a client’s blog where I linked to Wikipedia for a non-serious topic. I can’t recall what the topic was, but I do remember highlighting the fact I was deliberately linking to Wikipedia by saying, “According to our good friend Wikipedia . . . ” (or something to that effect).
But 99% of the time, you’re going to want to link to a solid primary or secondary source.
An example of how to use primary and secondary sources
One of my clients does compliance in the transportation space, mainly for trucking companies. For Women’s History Month, the client tasked me with writing a blog post about women truck drivers throughout history.
I started by googling “women truck drivers in history” and “first woman truck driver” and things like that. This brought up some names, including Luella Bates.
Luckily, Luella Bates has a Wikipedia page. Score! From that page, I learned about her, and I got links to truly great primary sources, including clips of articles from 1920 where she was interviewed and quoted. Talk about great color for my piece!
(Again, a newspaper clip where a person is quoted would be considered a primary source.)
For another woman, Lillie Drennan, I couldn’t find a Wikipedia page, but the Texas State Historical Association had a whole page dedicated to her. Drennan was the first woman to hold a commercial driver’s license in Texas. That’s a great example of a reliable secondary source.
When it comes to doing research for content marketing, use your best judgment.
The more blog posts, white papers, ebooks, and other marketing content you write, the faster and more adept you’ll become at conducting research. You’ll get a sense of where to go for certain stats and which publications provide the most reliable and accurate info.
When you’re not sure about something, use your best judgment and always err on the side of caution. If a statistic sounds too good to be true—or you can’t easily find its origins—it probably is too good to be true. Don’t be lazy with your stats. (Says someone who is certain she HAS been lazy at some point in the last 20+ years.) Go find one from a reputable source.
Here are my go-to writing and editing resources.
Note: I use affiliate links for some of them. If you use one of the links to buy something, it won’t cost you more, but I’ll earn a small commission. I only recommend stuff that I believe in.
Grammarly. The free version is great at catching critical errors. I used it for about a year before upgrading to the premium tier, and I’m glad I did.
A Writer’s Reference by Diana Hacker and Nancy Sommers. (Amazon affiliate link.) I have the fifth edition, which is excellent. I’m thinking about upgrading to the 10th. Hacker was incredible. She died in 2004, but her memory lives on. And yes, that’s a Wikipedia link. 🙂
That’s me—I’m the Copy Bitch. 🙂 You can browse through more blog posts, visit my YouTube channel (the video about this particular topic is below), or ask me a question. Contact me or leave a comment on my YouTube channel.
Happy writing!
https://etrobbins.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/robin-bradley-logo-300x105.png00Robyn Bradleyhttps://etrobbins.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/robin-bradley-logo-300x105.pngRobyn Bradley2023-03-14 11:14:092024-10-18 07:37:51What Are Primary and Secondary Sources? Content Marketing Tips
Today, we’re going to talk about copywriting exercises for beginners. Many new copywriters will say to me, “I want to do this copywriting thing, but I’ve never written one single bit of copy. How can I practice? What are some good copywriting exercises I can do to develop my skills so that I can feel confident? Are there any good courses or tutorials that I should take?”
These are all great questions, and I do have some ideas. But before we get to them, I’m going to assume that you know how to write well, meaning you’re a competent writer who understands the rules of grammar and punctuation. If you don’t, you can learn those skills, and you should focus on doing that first before you dive into these copywriting exercises and tutorials.
OK, so copywriting exercises for beginners . . .
Below, I’ll share some places where you can learn more about copywriting (and other relevant things, like inbound marketing) as well as some exercises you can do at home. I’m including free certifications as well as paid courses. Note: I’ve only done HubSpot Academy (which is free). But I’ve heard good things about the others. These aren’t endorsements. ALWAYS do your own due diligence.
HubSpot Academy
If you’re a regular reader of my blog, you’ve likely heard me talk about HubSpot. HubSpot is a SaaS company that makes all-in-one marketing software, CRMs, and sales tools. HubSpot made the term “inbound marketing” famous, and it’s the go-to choice for companies large and small.
If you’re not familiar with HubSpot, fix this ASAP. Check out its resources. It offers definitive guides on things like SEO, content marketing, and the like.
Both courses clock in under four hours each, so you could conceivably finish them in a weekend. You’ll get badges that you can display on your website, email signature, and LinkedIn page.
Copyblogger & AWAI
Copyblogger is another excellent resource. They have paid courses, which I suspect means you might have the benefit of a set of eyes on the work (great for getting feedback). Same thing with AWAI (American Writers and Artists Institute).
Note: My understanding is that AWAI is a bit more expensive than some others. You can also search on YouTube for folks who train new copywriters. I know there are lots of copywriter channels that tout being able to get writers up and running quickly. Again, I can’t speak from experience. Always read reviews etc. And I wouldn’t recommend spending money you don’t have on courses you can’t afford. But that’s just me! If you’re truly strapped for cash and just starting out, HubSpot Academy is a great place to start.
But also keep in mind that one of the best ways to practice copywriting is simply JUST PRACTICE COPYWRITING. 🙂
Learning copywriting is like learning to draw. Grab a pencil and start sketching. So challenge yourself to write a home page for—I don’t know—a personal trainer. Or a dog-walking company. Make up a name and a location, and practice what that copy would look like based on everything you learned in the courses you’ve taken.
What other marketing assets could you create for that dog-walking company?
Do some keyword research and write two or three 600-word blog posts with keyword-rich titles, compelling sub-headlines, engaging content, and strong calls to action.
Write a series of social media posts for this fictional dog-walking company (or whatever company you’ve come up with).
Create a downloadable offer—maybe something like “10 Things to Look for When Choosing a Dog Walker.” Create the landing page copy as well—and then create a series of lead nurturing emails that someone would receive after they download the checklist.
Look at all the content you just created—and all the practice you’ve done.
KEEP DOING THAT.
Keep doing it until you get into a rhythm and until things begin to feel like second nature.
If it feels weird to do these things for a fictitious business, ask yourself if you know a small business owner. If you do, consider doing all of the above for them pro bono (this is the ONLY time I’ll recommend writing for free). Tell them you’d like to create three blog posts, a downloadable offer for their website, a series of social media posts, and a series of lead nurturing emails free and clear.
You can simply explain you’re starting a copywriting business and looking to get practice. They can have the content free and clear, with no strings attached. You’re doing it so you get practice and portfolio pieces for your website.
And, of course, if they like the content, you can always talk to them about doing some paid work. But don’t expect it (or make them feel guilty if they don’t inquire about it after you hand over the pro bono work).
Other copywriting exercises for beginners:
Evaluate pieces you encounter, like print ads and direct mailers. If you don’t think the piece is any good, rewrite it and make it better. Again, for practice.
Practice brainstorming subject lines for emails and headlines for ads.
Offer to do pro bono work for a nonprofit you’re involved with/believe in. Is there a local food pantry in your area? They often need marketing help. Again, I don’t recommend writing for free too often, but when you’re learning, you need to think of these early stages as an internship. And at least with nonprofits or organizations you already volunteer with, you’re giving something valuable back to the organization. Plus, the items you create can also make great portfolio pieces.
If you’re more of a visual learner, watch my video where I discuss all of the above:
https://etrobbins.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/robin-bradley-logo-300x105.png00Robyn Bradleyhttps://etrobbins.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/robin-bradley-logo-300x105.pngRobyn Bradley2023-03-02 08:18:292023-03-02 08:18:29Copywriting Exercises for Beginners
When I first started out as a freelance copywriter in 2002, I carried around a three-ring binder that held samples of my copywriting. I also had a basic website, but someone else maintained it, so keeping it updated was challenging. Plus, not everyone was online back in those days. Many people, especially small business owners who were my bread and butter, preferred looking at and holding paper. Think articles, print ads, marketing brochures, and direct mailer postcards.
Today, everything is digital, which makes things a lot easier. Well, easier if you have digital copywriting examples to show off. But what if you’re a new copywriter? How do you get those all-important samples if you don’t have clients yet? And how do you get clients if you don’t have samples of your work that prove you’re legit?
Chicken and egg conundrum, right?
In this blog post, I’m going to answer a bunch of questions related to copywriting portfolios, including the following . . .
Why do I need an online copywriting portfolio anyway?
How do I get samples for a copywriting portfolio if I’m just starting out?
What does a copywriter portfolio look like? What type of content should it highlight?
How should I organize my various copywriting portfolio examples
I’m not a designer! How do I make things look good?
Do I need to ask permission to include client content in my copywriter portfolio?
In case you don’t feel like reading, I also did a video on my YouTube channel, which I’ll embed at the end of this article.
Why do I need an online copywriter portfolio?
Three things to consider. First, your copywriter portfolio serves as “evidence” that you know what you’re doing. When someone hires a kitchen remodeler, they’ll look at pictures of the person’s work to see if they like the style, right? The same is true for other services and trades.
When someone hires a freelance copywriter, they’ll look at samples of the person’s work to see if they like the writing style. Depending on the type of writing the person is hiring for, they might also be looking at technical expertise. For example, if someone is hiring you to write optimized website copy, they might study your headlines, title tags, and meta descriptions to see if they meet SEO standards.
Second, your online copywriting portfolio also serves as a way for prospective clients to find you when they conduct Google searches. I’ve gotten a lot of business over the years from someone discovering my copywriting website. Do they always enter on the portfolio page? Nope. But if they’re looking for a writer and they come in through the home page or a blog post, they’ll likely check out the portfolio page at some point.
And finally, an online copywriting portfolio shows you’re a serious copywriter who’s getting work. I’d be suspicious of a copywriter’s website if they didn’t have a portfolio.
How do I get samples for a copywriting portfolio if I’m just starting out?
The only time I recommend doing any writing for free is at the very beginning when you need to round up some examples of your copywriting work. So how do you get these all-important pieces to put in your portfolio? Think of everyone you know and everyone they know. I can almost guarantee you know someone who owns a small business. It might be a hair salon or a pizza shop or a yoga studio. Guess what? These folks need marketing help. Offer to do some content marketing for them FOR FREE so that you can build your copywriting portfolio.
Be clear about what you’re offering and set a limit on how much you’re giving away pro bono: “I’m building my copywriting portfolio. Since I’m just starting out, I’m doing a limited number of complimentary copywriting assignments, and I’d like to do the following for you, for free, no strings attached. [OUTLINE THE DELIVERABLES.] When I’m done with this work, you won’t be under any obligation to continue using me, but, of course, if you like my work and see the value in it, I’d welcome the opportunity to continue producing content for you. But even if you decide you need to pass for now, you’d still be able to use whatever I created for you.”
Things you can offer them:
Refresh their home page copy (or if they don’t have a website, offer to write a small site. Think home, about, services, contact. BOOM)
Write an issue of their email newsletter (or their inaugural issue if they don’t have a newsletter)
Draft two to three blog posts
Draft a batch of creative social media posts for Facebook or Instagram
Develop an “offer” that the business’s clients or prospective clients could download from the website. For example, if you’re doing work for a hair salon, maybe you develop a “Winter Hair Care Checklist” or something to that effect.
Once you have, say, 5-10 samples for an online copywriting portfolio, STOP DOING FREE WORK. With any luck, the person you did the freebies for will see how awesome your work is and offer to pay you money to continue. (For example, someone needs to draft that monthly newsletter for them. Why not you?) But even if they don’t or can’t, no worries. You’ve gotten good clips, and now it’s time to focus on landing paying clients.
What does a copywriter portfolio look like? What type of content should it highlight?
The best visual I can offer is my own copywriting portfolio. You’ll see I’ve organized it by the biggest content “buckets” I focus on in my business:
Website copywriting
Blogging and Article Writing
Email Marketing
Customer Stories/Cases Studies & Branding
White Papers/Guides/Premium Offers
Advertising Copy: Print, Digital, Radio
For me, that covers the bulk of what I’m doing right now. I also have a sidebar with other types of content marketing I’ve done over the years, like advertorial writing.
When you start out, you’ll likely be a generalist, so you’ll want to cover the big content marketing buckets: website copywriting, blogging, and email marketing. But as you advance in your copywriting journey, you might decide to narrow your focus. Maybe all you do is website writing. Or maybe you only focus on long-form content. You can reorganize your portfolio accordingly.
How should I organize my copywriting portfolio samples?
There’s no hard and fast rule about how to organize your online copywriter portfolio. Just make sure it’s . . .
Easy to skim
Clearly labeled
Filled with links that work (you’ll want to spot-check your portfolio from time to time because links change, break, and disappear)
Regularly updated (seriously, make sure you keep it fresh with new work)
I’m not a designer! How do I make my copywriter portfolio samples look good?
True, you’re a writer, not a designer. (Unless, of course, you are a designer, too. More on this in a moment.) Don’t worry: Most folks will be looking at the words and will forgive your portfolio if it has only simple text and no real design.
That said, if you do have any design chops, a nicely designed piece will make your content shine even more. Check out this white paper. I wrote the content, but the marketing manager on the client side did the layout. And it DOES make a difference. These days, it’s easy to use free tools like Canva to whip up a decent design. Or you can go to low-cost places like Fiverr to find an affordable graphic designer who can make your copywriting sample look great.
Do I need to ask permission to include client content in my copywriter portfolio?
Reminder, I’m not a lawyer, and I don’t play one on TV, either. So what I’m about to say isn’t legal advice. In my case, 99.9999% of the work I do is publicly available (websites, blog posts, downloadable content, etc.), so I link to it freely since it’s already “out there.”
Obviously, if you’re working on something proprietary or where you signed an NDA, you wouldn’t link to it or discuss it. But for the most part, if you’re simply linking to a client’s website or blog–which anyone can find via Google–you should be fine.
Here’s my video that walks you through my online copywriting portfolio.
Are you a new copywriter?
Here are my favorite go-to resources. Note: I use Amazon affiliate links. If you buy through these links, you won’t pay more, but I’ll earn a small commission. I own both of these books! I only recommend stuff I believe in.
https://etrobbins.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/robin-bradley-logo-300x105.png00Robyn Bradleyhttps://etrobbins.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/robin-bradley-logo-300x105.pngRobyn Bradley2022-12-08 10:09:242024-08-03 12:13:30What Does a Copywriter Portfolio Look Like? Tips for New Copywriters
The title of this blog post is about lead nurturing tips, which sounds positive and helpful, but in reality, prepare for a mini-rant. 🙂 Well, if you want the really ranty part, watch the video version below. Otherwise, skip to the true tips part.
What is Email Lead Nurturing? A Quick Refresher
When a random website visitor takes an action on a business website, like filling out a form to get a piece of content, the person goes from “anonymous” to “lead.” Since the person’s action suggests interest in the client’s business, the person will likely be entered into a custom email “nurturing” workflow. The concept: The person would receive a series of emails meant to engage them further and nudge them down the infamous sales funnel until they convert into a customer. (This is a VERY basic overview.)
Sometimes you don’t even have to take action on a business website to get entered into an email lead nurturing workflow.
You could be the recipient of (or victim of, depending on your POV) a COLD email lead nurturing campaign. Yeah, spam laws, uh-huh. People still cold email and can skirt around laws if there’s some direct synergy between the business and the recipient. In theory. (Again, I’m not a lawyer! None of this is legal advice.)
For actual customers, meaning people who buy something from a client’s site, there are other email nurturing campaigns.
These are more commonly known as customer retention campaigns. I’m talking emails sent to get people to come back and buy again or to stay engaged/subscribed. (Do you subscribe to a streaming service, like Netflix? Ever get emails saying, “Hey, we just added a new TV show you might like”? BOOM. That’s an example of customer retention campaigns at work.)
OK, enough of the overview. For the purpose of this rant post, I’m going to focus more on general email lead nurturing tips (for cold campaigns and ones that you’d be writing for clients’ businesses.)
Email Lead Nurturing Tips: Respond When Someone Answers Your Email
This is why you should always send the lead nurturing emails from a real person with a real email address, too.
Because here’s the thing: If someone takes the time to respond nicely to your email nurturing (ESPECIALLY IF IT WAS A COLD EMAIL), you better respond back. Otherwise, what are you doing this for?
This recently happened to me. A video production dude started sending me cold emails. I’m OK with this, as long as the emails are relevant to me (not spam). The guy owned a video production company and was looking for referrals and to make connections. So far, so good. I’m a copywriter. I work with videos pros, and I have clients who need video pros.
When I finally responded quite enthusiastically to his fourth or fifth email, he never responded back. I get that emails get lost and filtered. Anticipating this possibility, I ALSO went ahead and sent him a LinkedIn connection request (with a personal note, explaining he’d been reaching out to me via email and I finally had a chance to check out his site, and figured it would make sense to connect). He accepted the connection, but he never responded to my note.
OK, whatever.
But here’s where he REALLY fell down: He didn’t remove me from his lead nurturing workflow. I continued to get his emails asking for referrals and connections. It was like I had never emailed him or connected with him on LI. So, I pinged him on LI and said, “Hey, I’m still in your nurturing campaign, you might want to remove me, etc.” (I was very nice and friendly.) STILL NO RESPONSE. (I’d even mentioned that I had shared his info with a marketing firm I work with.)
Guess what? He’s lost my trust. I won’t be referring business to him moving forward.
BIG TAKEAWAY: Don’t run lead nurturing for the sake of running lead nurturing. Make sure you have a plan for any number of scenarios, including what happens if someone responds directly and positively to your email. At the very least, I should have been removed from the workflow. Maybe entered into a different one, but probably not in this case.
Unfortunately, this isn’t an isolated example.
I see this happen A LOT.
Too many businesses run lead nurturing campaigns because some marketing guru told them this is what they should do. The problem: Too often, no one thinks through things carefully and no one revisits the automated campaigns once set up. They just keep going and going and going. Good luck to the prospect who actually takes a specific action or responds directly.
If You’re a Copywriter, Speak Up
If you’re a freelance copywriter, you can have an extraordinary influence on this process and help your client avoid looking dumb. When you write the lead nurturing emails, think through the logic. What happens if the person takes the action you’re trying to get them to take, like downloading a piece of content or requesting a demo? Marketing automation is awesome and it DOES work, but we humans have to program it and tell it what to do.
Email Lead Nurturing Tips: Err on the Side of Caution and REMOVE a Prospect from the Workflow
If someone does what you ask them to do, REMOVE THEM FROM THE WORKFLOW. I get it’s scary. Suddenly, this “lead” might not get any further canned communications! Oh, the horror! But honestly, this is OK! More than OK! They’ve done what you’ve asked. Enter them into a NEW workflow that reflects they’ve done what you’ve asked. If they’re still a prospect, the goal of this next set of lead nurturing emails will be to nudge them further down the sales funnel. If the prospect actually converts into a customer, they should be rerouted to customer retention workflows (provided that makes sense for your business).
This isn’t brain surgery. It’s not hard, but it can be tedious to think through and set up, and that’s what causes the missteps, I suspect.
But laziness isn’t an excuse for sloppiness.
OK, end of rant. For now. 😉
Hey, are you new to copywriting? Here are my go-to resources for learning the ins and outs.
I use Amazon Affiliate links. If you use one of the links to buy something, it won’t cost you more, but I’ll earn a small commission. I only recommend stuff that I believe in. I own both of these books.
https://etrobbins.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/robin-bradley-logo-300x105.png00Robyn Bradleyhttps://etrobbins.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/robin-bradley-logo-300x105.pngRobyn Bradley2022-01-30 14:22:012024-08-27 18:43:45Email Lead Nurturing Tips: What NOT to Do When Someone Acts on Your Email
If you’re looking for a freelance copywriter invoice template, you’ve come to the right place. In my video at the end of this article, I discuss what needs to go on your invoice. But feel free to skip it and simply download the goods instead. Note: These files should be fine, but I’m not responsible if anything goes haywire with your machinery or devices, K?
Buckle up, kids! This is going to be a long-ish post about copywriting pricing and figuring out how much to charge for your services. I base everything on my 20+ years working as a freelance copywriter. If you’d prefer to watch a video, I include one at the end but note that it’s long, too. Honestly, this is SUCH an important topic that I suggest doing both: Read and watch. (Possibly more than once.)
Disclaimers: I’m in the U.S., in the Northeast, just outside of Boston. I can only speak to my experience. What you ultimately charge for your copywriting services will be influenced by the marketplace in your location, BUT THE CONCEPTS I’m discussing below should still apply, regardless. Remember, I’m not an accountant, a financial advisor, or a lawyer. This info is meant to be educational only.
Feel free to jump around, too, by clicking on one of these links:
One final thing before we get started . . . if you’re new to copywriting, be sure to check out these two books.
I use Amazon Affiliate links. If you use one of the links to buy something, it won’t cost you more, but I’ll earn a small commission. I only recommend stuff that I believe in. I own both of these books.
The biggest mistake new writers make when figuring out their copywriting pricing
They undersell themselves.
BIG time.
I get why, too. If something takes you a couple of hours to write, you might never dream of charging $400, $500, or even more, right? Because you’re thinking in terms of TIME instead of VALUE.
Make sure you understand (and embrace) the value you’re delivering to clients.
Remember, content drives sales. Content marketing is a 400 billion-dollar industry, and for good reason. Organizations use compelling content to lure in prospective customers—through emails, videos, podcasts, blog posts, landing pages, case studies, white papers, direct mailers, ads (both digital and print), and so forth.
Great content will help a company . . .
Build awareness about the brand
Boost engagement between prospects/customers and the brand
Convert prospects into customers
Keep existing customers engaged and interested so that they continue buying
At the end of the day, it’s all about sales, though.
And awesome content motivates people to buy, buy, buy.
But here’s the thing: When you develop a piece of content to help drive sales . . . it isn’t just driving ONE sale, right? The content continues to work. It doesn’t have an expiration date or shelf life—at least, not in the typical ways that we think. (It’s not like that lonely container of yogurt that got lost in the back of your fridge.)
Sure, a time-sensitive ad will have an expiration date, but you get the idea. Great content can have a long shelf life and it can continue to work on behalf of your client long after you bill them your one-time fee.
In other words: The content you create has immense VALUE. And you need to charge accordingly.
Now, let’s talking about setting rates.
Setting your copywriting prices: Example time!
Let’s pretend one of your clients is an acupuncture clinic—and that one of the specialties of this clinic is fertility issues.
The clinic hires you to write a series of blog posts about infertility and how acupuncture can help and/or be a complement to traditional treatment.
You and the client discuss possible angles for posts, you do keyword research, and you come up with the following titles, all of which contain a good keyword phrase:
How Can Acupuncture Help with Infertility? The title itself is the keyword phrase. It receives 10 searches each month and has wicked low keyword difficulty (KD). However, a phrase WITHIN that phrase (“can acupuncture help with infertility”) has 50 monthly searches and a KD of 51. So this title will work doubly hard.
Fertility Acupuncture: What to Expect. The phrase “fertility acupuncture what to expect” gets 30 searches a month, but ranks 23 on the keyword difficulty scale, which is very good.
How Long Does Acupuncture Take for Fertility? Again, the title itself is the keyword phrase with 40 monthly searches and 25 KD.
Questions to Ask Acupuncturist for Fertility. Ditto as above with 90 monthly searches and 23 KD.
The clinic loves the topics and signs off on them.
From there, you talk to one of the acupuncturists. You spend a little over an hour on the phone with her, but she’s able to answer all the questions you have regarding each topic, so you know the drafting of each blog post should go quickly. (You remember to record the interview so that you can have it transcribed on Rev.com. See my blog post on must-have copywriting tools!)
Now comes the drafting. You do some additional research to get current stats on fertility, pregnancy rates, etc.
You draft the blog posts and share them with the client. Each one clocks in around 750 words.
The client has some revisions. You do those.
Then, they sign off.
You’ve been really good about tracking your time, and you figure, on average, each blog post took 3 hours to do (and that’s including the keyword research, call with the client, additional research, drafting, and revising).
Let’s say you’ve been thinking about an hourly rate of $60/hour because heck—that sounds really great to you! Maybe in your old job working for an employer, your hourly rate was $30/hour. So this is DOUBLE!
$60 x 3 hours = $180 per blog
You decide to round up to $200 per blog. A nice, neat number.
And at 4 blogs, that comes to $800, which is a nice, neat payday.
Or is it?
Don’t undersell yourself when developing your copywriting prices
The NEXT part is critical for anyone who’s thinking, “Wait, that sounds reasonable.”
Here’s what you need to keep in mind—and here’s where I encourage a shift in your thinking.
Think beyond the tangible thing you’re creating—the blog posts. And think about the inherent value in each blog post.
Let’s say the blogs are performing REALLY well. You’ve chosen great longtail keyword phrases with low competition, as described above. You’ve done a great job writing them. You wrote social media posts for the blogs to help promote them even more.
And the acupuncture clinic’s site has seen an increase in web traffic, thanks to those blogs. And, on average, it can attribute two new bookings per month because of those blogs.
(Note: Blog posts are usually considered “top of the funnel” content, meaning they’re being used to educate people who are in the research stage, not quite the buying stage. This is usually true, but I’d argue that sometimes people are in both stages at once—they need education, but they also want—and are willing to—take action sooner rather than later. After some people read these series of blogs and poke around the clinic’s website, they reach out for an initial consultation and treatment.)
Now, let’s say the acupuncture clinic charges $125 for the first visit and $100 for each subsequent visit. And that the average fertility patient books ten visits (including the initial visit).
$125 + (9 x 100) = $1025
You could say the lifetime value of a fertility patientstarts at $1025. I say “start,” because there’s a good possibility that a happy fertility patient might refer business to the clinic—or come back for treatments in other areas. So, in essence, each patient is worth even more than you might think.
You’re starting to see it, right? The disparity between what you’re thinking of charging for these blogs and what the acupuncture practice makes from having such awesome content—content that attracts people to the site and convinces them to make an appointment. (And you can apply this logic to all content marketing, not just blog posts.)
To recap the numbers . . .
You charged a one-time payment of $200/blog. For the series of four blogs on fertility issues, that’s a payday of $800.
The clinic makes, on average, $1025 per fertility patient. And over 12 months, it brings in 24 fertility patients, which are worth over $24,000.
Even if we just want to look at the initial visit per patient—24 patients per year multiplied by an initial visit fee of $125 is $3000.
See where I’m going? Your blogs have much more value to the customer than simply the “hours” you took to write them. Charge accordingly.
Now, I’m not suggesting your charge $24K or even $3K. But they are worth more than the time you put in.
Don’t forget important expenses when figuring out your copywriting pricing
When you’re freelancing, your rates need to also account for other business expenses since everything is on your shoulders:
Taxes, like self-employment tax
Health insurance
Retirement
Often when you worked as an employee, those things were drawn out of your paycheck automatically. Now, it’s up to you to pay for them. Along with other business expenses, like computers.
See where I’m going? The blog content you create is worth more than simply the “hours” you spent doing it.
Bottom line: Avoid an “hourly” mindset.
Don’t give hourly quotes. Give PROJECT quotes.
Hourly quotes are dangerous for a couple of reasons.
First of all, you shouldn’t get penalized for being fast—or getting faster over time. You’re still delivering the same value, right? If something takes you two hours or six hours, as long as the value is consistent, THAT’S what matters.
Second, hourly quotes are stressful. For you. For the client. Too often, with hourly quotes, we fall into psychological traps. “Well, I quoted four hours, so I’ll take four hours.” But what if you could get it done in half that time? Think of what you could do with those other two hours? Now multiply that thinking across all the quotes you give over a week, a month, a year. Not to mention that clients can easily fixate on hours and lose sight of value. You don’t want to nitpick over this.
Project quotes let everyone breathe easier because everyone knows where they stand.
Now, I know what you’re thinking, especially if you’re new to this: “Well, Copy Bitch, this is all well and good, but I still don’t know how to charge for copywriting services. As in, what the heck should my project quotes BE?”
I got you!
Internally, you will need to develop a sense of how long it takes you to produce different types of content, on average.
Some of the stuff you’ll encounter as a freelance copywriter:
Blog posts, of varying lengths. Usually, you want to aim for at least 750/1000 words. Google rewards longer content. But readers also want to get answers to their questions/pain points. That doesn’t mean that there can’t be value in an occasional 400-word piece—there can be, but based on my experience, longer is better.
White papers (guides). The term “white paper” used to have a very specific definition 20 years ago (much more clinical/technical). Now, it’s often used interchangeably with “guide.” And that’s what it is. These can vary in length from a few pages to upwards of 20 or so.
Social media posts. I often write “batches” of social media posts for clients that we schedule out.
Copy for ads—digital ads, print ads, radio spots.
Video scripts. Everything from explainer videos to product videos to everything in between.
Case studies. Typically, you’re talking to your client’s customers.
Email marketing. Think longer newsletters, but also those simpler emails (sometimes text-based). You do more than simply craft the email copy, though—you write subject lines, preview lines, and the body copy.
Messaging/branding/content strategy. You might do an overall strategy or specific messaging campaigns that include several different components.
Content calendars. Often for the blog, but it can (and should) run the gamut of all marketing—webinars, podcasts, social media, premium offers (like guides).
Website copy. Full websites to specific landing pages.
Print pieces, like direct mailers and brochures. Yes, there’s still a place for these items in today’s marketing landscape.
When you’re getting started, sometimes you just need to take a leap of faith, give a quote, AND LEARN FROM THE WORK.
And here’s the thing: I’m about to give some of my numbers below, but keep in mind I’ve been doing this since 2002. If you’re new, I get that you might not have the confidence to give pricier quotes. Heck, I also get that the example quote I used above ($800 for the four blog posts) sounds reasonable to you. Especially if you’re doing work like that across, say, four or five clients a month. That’s decent scratch when you’re just starting out (or if it’s side hustle).
My point: Just make sure you are always considering the VALUE you’re delivering. Don’t let someone convince you to write for pennies per word. What you’re doing is so, so much more valuable.
Another point: When you’re starting out, sometimes you need to simply start getting money in the door. So I’d absolutely support someone doing four blog posts for $800—you’ll get solid clips to put in your portfolio and hopefully a client testimonial for your site and LinkedIn.
But over time, you should revisit the quotes. It’s perfectly OK and natural—and expected—to occasionally raise your rates.
You can also work on getting faster. Maybe you’re able to get into a good rhythm with a client and you can write awesome content for a blog post in a little over an hour. (It’s possible, depending on the client.) So aiming to get faster while still delivering the value is a great way to essentially give yourself a raise without even raising your quote for the client.
Give prospective clients a scope of work.
This will include the overall project quote. But it will also outline all the work that goes into the content you’re producing, like interviews, keyword research, drafting, and revisions. It will also state the timeline and financial terms.
Note: With first-time clients, always get a down payment. I ask for 1/3 of the project quote. (Don’t do any work until you get the down payment.)
The balance should be due within 30 days of the client receiving the first draft. Note the word “first” in italics. The reason you don’t want to require payment within 30 days of the client signing off on the final copy is because you could end up waiting a long time for payment. Like, what if the client drags their feet signing off on the copy? You shouldn’t get penalized. Asking for payment within 30 days of the client receiving the first draft also motivates the client to get you feedback about revisions, which brings me to my next point . . .
In your project quote/scope of work, tell clients they must request revisions within 30 days of receiving the first draft. Again, this motivates the client to stay on track—and helps move the project along. (Project management 101, people!)
Plus, it helps YOU plan. If you’re juggling multiple projects in various stages, you can plan your time accordingly.
Here’s a rough idea of how much I charge for copywriting services. Note: These are 2025 numbers.
Blog posts. I typically start at $500/blog post for a 1000-word post with one interview with a subject matter expert (SME) and basic research. The more work that’s involved, the more it costs.
Some blogs take me a couple of hours to write. Some might take me four. Not usually longer than that. You can do the math. $100/hour is a healthy rate for me and my needs—and for the marketplace I work in.
Remember, you’re delivering value. Blog posts especially have LONG shelf lives.
Email marketing. I’m anywhere from $75 to $100 per email. It’s worth noting that I give multiple subject line options and preview line options. And I typically provide an option A and B for the body copy. (Not all writers do this.) So if I’m writing a series of 6 emails, yeah—that could be $600. But again, the VALUE I deliver is there.
(We could start a drinking game with this . . . every time I write the word “value,” drink!)
Websites. I have a per-page range between $150 – $250/per interior page. For the home page, it’s $500. This includes everything: discovery call with the client, keyword phrase research, content/design strategy (usually a collaboration with the designer), basic messaging, and drafting each optimized page using SEO best practices. (Once you see all the work laid out like that you might be thinking, “Heck. Even $250/page isn’t enough.” You’re not necessarily wrong.)
The reason I do a per-page rate is because website projects almost always go off the rails. Clients will come in saying, “It’s only going to be an x-page site.” But once you dig in and provide strategy, that will likely change (and be more). But if you quoted on what they presumed the number of pages to be, you’ll be screwed. So I always give them a per-page rate. I will say something like, “Based on the current site we’re talking about, which looks to be this many pages, I expect the final quote to be around X. But this number can change if we add more pages.” (And, of course, during the drafting process, I would alert the client if it’s looking like there will be a significant increase in pages.)
Case studies. Effective case studies are usually short—think 1 to 2 pages, max. But they take A LOT of work because they usually involve talking to one of your client’s clients. I often start at $750 per case study (and I suspect I’m on the lower side).
Video scripts. Again, developing a script for a short video—like 30 to 60 seconds—might not sound like a lot of work, but it is. Especially since you usually need to think in terms of copy and video and provide directions for both. I’m anywhere from $450 to $750 per script (and I suspect I might be on the lower side, to be honest).
Don’t let short copy deceive you. Sometimes it takes more effort to write a compelling short piece—like a subject line, PPC ad, or case study—than it does to write something longer.
White papers. These can be tricky. I just wrote a 12-page white paper for a nonprofit. Roughly 4500 words. I’m charging $2000 (because it’s a nonprofit). But honestly, that’s probably more like a $4500 job, which would be roughly $1/word. Which feels right.
Content editorial calendars. I usually develop these calendars every quarter for clients. For a client that posts four blogs a month, I might charge anywhere from $350 to $500 for the quarterly calendar, which includes keyword phrase research, optimized titles, and a brief synopsis of the angle.
Messaging/branding/content strategy. This all depends on how deep of a dive the client wants. Are you talking to their customers and building out buyer personas first? Are you doing an audit of current messaging (on the website, for example)? Are you providing a fancy presentation or a down-and-dirty document with messaging recommendations? Even the latter requires many hours of work, so don’t undersell yourself.
The challenge with messaging projects is that some (not all) clients have a hard time wrapping their heads around pricey quotes since the “deliverable” will only be used internally. It’s an internal document rather than a customer-facing piece of content, like a blog post or website page.
Something else to think about: Are you part of a team—like a marketing department—and your job is more focused on language rather than an overall strategy? That could affect your quote. No matter how you slice it, quotes for messaging projects can get big, fast. You need to know what the client expects to be delivered. A down-and-dirty messaging doc for a small business might be in the $1000 range (or even less). A more comprehensive branding/messaging audit where you’re part of a team for a big company? You might charge $3000, even $5000, or more.
Print pieces, like direct mailers and brochures. Again, this can vary widely, depending on the size. A direct mailer that’s an oversized postcard might be $500. But if it’s a long direct mail sales letter, it can be much more than that. (That sort of direct-mail copywriting is a true specialty. It’s not something I do.) Brochures and catalogs—this also depends on the size. A simple tri-fold brochure might be $750 to $1000. The more pages you add, the more work that’s involved, so the bigger your quote.
A great resource to help you figure out your copywriting rates
The most important thing you should take away from this article is this: Quote on the VALUE you’re delivering, not the hours it takes you to do a project.
Challenge yourself to get faster, while still delivering value. If you get faster with your writing—without losing quality—you’re going to give yourself an automatic “raise” without even having to get your clients to pay more.
Revisit your rates every year or so. Over time, you need to increase rates. For example, if you’ve been consistently charging $100 per website page, maybe you up it to $125 per page.
Be flexible and forgiving. When you’re starting out, you might opt to quote a little low until you build your confidence and to simply get some money in the door. There’s a big difference between quoting a little low and letting someone take advantage of you. Avoid the latter. And forgive yourself when you get a quote wrong. Learn from it.
My video on how much to charge for copywriting services
Want more great copywriting tips? Check out my YouTube channel.
If you haven’t already, mosey on over to my YouTube channel and subscribe. I share lots of copywriting tips—not just the hard skills, but also all the “soft” skills you need to run a successful biz as a freelancer.
https://etrobbins.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/robin-bradley-logo-300x105.png00Robyn Bradleyhttps://etrobbins.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/robin-bradley-logo-300x105.pngRobyn Bradley2022-01-15 16:48:382025-01-28 07:26:38Copywriting Pricing: Figuring Out How Much to Charge (Examples Included)
Wondering how to nail your subject matter expert interview for your article, blog post, white paper, guide, or some other piece of marketing content you’ve been tasked to write as a freelance copywriter or content writer?
Well, step right up.
Below, I answer the following:
What is a subject matter expert (SME)?
Why should freelance copywriters seek out interviews with subject matter experts?
How do interviews with SMEs differ from other interviews (like the ones journalists conduct)?
How do you nail your subject matter expert interview?
What are some best practices when coming up with questions for SMEs?
What is a subject matter expert?
A subject matter expert, or “SME,” is exactly as it sounds: A person has expertise in a specific topic. In my world of content marketing, an SME is usually someone within the organization I’m writing the content for. The SME might be the business owner, a sales rep, or an engineer. (That’s not an exhaustive list). I do a lot of writing for a urology practice, so the subject matter experts I talk to are urologists.
Why should freelance copywriters seek out interviews with SMEs?
There’s a glut of mediocre content, much of it written as part of a content marketing strategy. In the past ten to fifteen years, we’ve pumped out content at alarming rates, often for the sake of getting content “out there.” This worked for a while. But now, we have this glut.
Here’s the thing: When it comes to content marketing, the goal should always be to provide people with helpful content that goes above and beyond the mediocrity gumming up the interwebs.
To do this sort of writing, you need fresh, original perspectives. AI like ChatGPT can’t give you that. Copywriters and content writers who simply research and write up stuff can’t provide that unique perspective either.
But subject matter experts can.
Since everything I write is on behalf of a business that’s trying to promote its brand, products, or services, it makes sense that I should talk to subject matter experts within the organization. The SMEs will have hot takes, contrarian points of view, and an understanding of the little nuances that matter most to the prospects who are being sold to.
Bottom line: Talking to subject matter experts elevates content. It’s the special sauce and the thing that differentiates the content from the competitor’s.
How do subject matter expert interviews differ from other types of interviews, like the ones journalists do?
The biggest differences? Allegiance, tension, and process.
Let’s talk about allegiance first. A journalist’s job is to be objective. You’re not beholden to a business owner. Your job is simply to capture and present the facts without bias. As a freelance copywriter or content writer, your allegiance is to the brand you’re writing for. This doesn’t mean you should ignore ethics. You certainly shouldn’t make things up. And you shouldn’t write misleading or incorrect info, either. But you’ll be writing things that ultimately make your client look good.
Let’s talk about tension. As a journalist, you often have to interview people who have no desire to talk to you. That can lead to lots of stress and tension.
When you’re a freelance copywriter doing an interview with a subject matter expert, there’s zero tension. The folks you interview are invested in what you’re doing. They want to see you succeed since it’s beneficial for them and their business. So they’re usually happy to help.
That said, the nerves don’t go away in either case. This is normal, even for copywriters like me who’ve been at it a good long while. If you’re an introvert and you hate talking to people, conducting interviews via phone, Zoom, or in person can be challenging. Especially in person since that requires pants. 😉
Let’s talk about the process. In journalism land, you don’t give people questions before the interview, and you don’t let people review or edit your drafts. (The latter is a big no-no.) When you’re writing content for a client, the folks you interviewed usually sign off on their quotes and often make edits to your content.
How to nail your subject matter expert interview
Develop your questions in advance and send them to your interview subject ahead of time.
You’re going to want to do some preliminary research based on the angle of your article, blog post, or white paper. Develop questions from there and send them to the subject matter expert. Keep it reasonable, though. I wouldn’t send more than 15 questions via email. If you feel you’re going to need to ask a lot more questions than that, double-check to make sure the focus of your article is focused enough.
Set clear expectations.
How will you be conducting the interview? Over the phone? Zoom? Skype? Should they have their cameras on, or is audio-only OK? When scheduling, let people know how long you’ll need them. Plan for more time than you need. It will be a treat for them if you complete the interview early. Suddenly, they’ll have 10 or 15 extra minutes in their day.
Always send a calendar invite and make sure they accept it.
I always follow up a calendar invite with an email alerting them that I just sent it. (Yeah, yeah, I know.) And I paste the info in the email, just in case. I might be going overboard. But it works for me. You do you.
Send a reminder the day before or the morning of.
Provide the details, like a Zoom link, phone number, and the list of questions again. If you don’t send the reminder, then don’t be surprised when someone flakes out.
Show up early to the interview.
You’ll likely be conducting most interviews via phone or Zoom. Show up five minutes early. You’ll be able to troubleshoot any glitches. And if your interview subject is early, they won’t have to wait.
RECORD THE INTERVIEW.
Be redundant and use a backup device. I use Zoom and the memo function on my phone. I always alert people that I’m recording and explain why (because I can never read my own handwriting). I tell them that I promise I won’t use anything they say against them in a court of law. This almost always elicits chuckles and puts people at ease.
And while all of the above is true, the real reason you want to record is this: You will listen better and more deeply if you’re not worried about taking notes. I think you should still take some notes, as needed. But put your focus on your interview subject. Follow their directives. Yeah, you don’t want the interview to go off the rails, but allow yourself to follow tangents that seem relevant or interesting.
Ask follow-up questions or clarification as needed.
Your interview subjects will likely say something that surprises you or that you want to know a little more about. ALLOW for this. Ask those questions.
Resist the temptation to bring yourself into the interview.
I’ve seen this mistake one too many times. It’s not about you. Shine the light on your subject. (Unless, in rare instances, your experience is highly relevant or directly related.)
PAUSE AND TAKE A DEEP BREATH.
And when doing so, simply say, “Great, I’m just double-checking my questions here. Bear with me.” This allows for a little breather for both of you, and for you to catch any questions you missed.
Lean into the silences and let your interview subjects fill them in.
They will, too, because it’s human nature.
At the end of the interview, set clear expectations about what happens next.
For example, let them know when they can expect to see the first draft. Remember, in Copywriting Land, your interview subject will review, edit, and approve the final copy. This is one of the biggest differences between journalism and copywriting.
In Journalism Land, people don’t get to approve or change their quotes. What’s on the record is on the record. But in Copywriting Land, it’s a little different. So explain what happens next: “I’ll be sending you a draft in a week. You can make suggested edits in the margins, or if we need to discuss more complex edits, we can schedule a call.” Let people know they are welcome to reach out to you via email if they forgot something or whatever.
Be classy and say thank you.
Send a quick email thanking them for their time and reiterating the next steps.
Best practices for asking questions during interviews with subject matter experts
Ask open-ended questions. Remember, the goal is to get people talking.
If you need clarification, ask for it. Say something like, “Can you elaborate?” Or: “Can you provide an example?”
Don’t be afraid to ask someone to dumb something down. You can even ask them to do exactly that: “Hmm. I’m not quite sure I understand. Let’s pretend I’m ten. How would you explain this concept to me?”
Here’s a great question to end all interviews (or some variation):
Is there anything you were expecting me to ask that I didn’t?
If there’s one thing you’d want a reader to take away from this article, what would it be?
Is there anything else you want to make sure I convey?
Remember, don’t fill in the silences. IT’S SO TEMPTING, I KNOW. But bite your tongue, especially when asking these closing questions. Let the interview subject fill in the blanks.
Final tips on how to conduct an interview with a subject matter expert
Use a service like Rev.com to transcribe the interview.
Either with a human or with their automated transcription, which is pretty good. It’ll make your life so much easier, trust me. Instead of spending valuable time transcribing the interview, you can focus on highlighting important messages, identifying great quotes, conducting additional research, and—oh yeah—writing awesome content. Plus, you’ll get to the writing part SO MUCH FASTER, which is good for the client and you.
Wondering how it’s good for you? Well, let’s say you charge $500 per blog post, and that includes initial research (keywords and topic), scheduling the interview with the subject matter expert, conducting a 30-minute interview, reviewing the transcript, writing the blog post, getting feedback from the client, and providing one round of revisions.
If you don’t record the interview and simply go by notes, I guarantee you’ll have overlooked something/forgotten something. And if you choose to transcribe the interview yourself, think of how much time that will take. I don’t care if you’re a good transcriber—it will take you at least 30 minutes (if you’re truly super fast) and more like an hour or more easily. What if you got that hour back for writing—or what if you get that hour back in your pocket, period?
Look at it this way: Let’s say it takes you five hours from start to finish to produce the final blog when you use a transcription service, but it takes you six to seven hours if you transcribe the interview yourself. You can do the math! Consider how much an hour of your time is worth.
Be kind to yourself, especially if you’re just starting out.
And know that even if you end up doing this for years, some days will be better than others. Even now, I still have moments where I’m like, “Hmm. That wasn’t my best work.” It happens. The good news is that all that messy stuff happens in the background. In other words, the interview itself is not the final product—the piece of writing is. So even if it’s a little messy getting there, you can still make sure the final prose shines in the end.
Are you new to copywriting? Here are my go-to resources for learning the ins and outs.
I use Amazon Affiliate links. If you use one of the links to buy something, it won’t cost you more, but I’ll earn a small commission. I only recommend stuff that I believe in. I own both of these books.
Aaand here are my go-to writing and editing resources.
Again, I use affiliate links where noted.
Grammarly. The free version is great at catching critical errors. I used it for about a year before upgrading to the premium tier, and I’m glad I did.
A Writer’s Reference by Diana Hacker and Nancy Sommers. (Amazon affiliate link.) I have the fifth edition, which is excellent. I’m thinking about upgrading to the 10th. Hacker was incredible. She died in 2004, but her memory lives on.
https://etrobbins.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/robin-bradley-logo-300x105.png00Robyn Bradleyhttps://etrobbins.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/robin-bradley-logo-300x105.pngRobyn Bradley2021-12-17 19:45:342024-08-22 16:37:11How to Nail Your Subject Matter Expert Interview
A question folks ask me: Is copywriting hard to do or hard to learn?
Well, if you hate writing, then copywriting will likely be hard to learn and to do. It will probably be painful as well.
I often tell folks that working as a copywriter means always having another term paper due. That’s what it feels like. And for some folks, that would be the WORST. THING. EVER. It would conjure bad memories of high school and writing term papers on mind-numbing subjects at 2 AM while hopped up on Red Bull.
But for someone like me?
BLISS.
Bottom line: If you enjoy writing, you’re decent at it, and you’re willing to learn, then no—copywriting isn’t “hard” to do. And it’s an absolutely learnable skill.
Ever since I was a kid, I wanted to be a fiction writer. I took a detour out of college and worked in radio where I learned about copywriting. I wrote promotional copy, liners, radio ads, etc.
In 2002, I started my freelance copywriting biz. The freelance aspect is perfect for me since it gives me plenty of flexibility to write fiction as well.
As for the copywriting part, I’m mostly self-taught. And I’m still learning because things change, like SEO best practices and email marketing best practices (just to name a few).
Are you thinking about getting into copywriting (also known as content marketing)? Do you need some resources?
To recap: Is copywriting hard? NOPE. Check out my video below for more insights.
https://etrobbins.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/robin-bradley-logo-300x105.png00Robyn Bradleyhttps://etrobbins.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/robin-bradley-logo-300x105.pngRobyn Bradley2021-12-14 13:14:322021-12-14 13:28:41Is Copywriting Hard? NOPE (Provided You Like to Write)
If you’re new to freelance copywriting, you’re likely on the hunt for tools and apps that will make your prose shine and your job easy. Step right up! I’ve been working as a freelance copywriter for over 20 years. Below, I share the best tools for copywriters.
Here’s what might surprise you about my list: Not all of these tools are writing tools. That’s because copywriters do so much more than simply write. For example, you interview subject matter experts. You edit. You do basic design (like YouTube thumbnails or PowerPoint presentations). The tools I’m sharing below include ones I use regularly in my life as a freelance copywriter. I’m also sharing info about tools you’re likely to encounter, particularly in the area of project management.
Before we get started, a quick note: I use the terms copywriter, content writer, and content marketer interchangeably.
I explain why, in-depth, in my post, “What is copywriting?” But here’s the short of it: Purists think copywriters are all about getting immediate sales, and content writers are all about engaging an audience. I say the goal dictates what you write and how you write it, not your title. For example, are you writing an email to people poised to buy? You’ll lean heavily into persuasion and sales tactics. Are you writing a blog post answering a “how-to” question related to your client’s business? You’ll write the content from an educational lens. But guess what? Everything you write needs to engage people.
OK. One more thing before we get started. Some of the items below include affiliate links, which means if you try or buy the tool after clicking a link, I’ll earn a small commission. But it won’t cost you more. I only recommend tools I use and believe in.
Ready? Let’s get to it . . .
Best tools for copywriters: Let’s talk editing.
Hello, Grammarly.
I used to rely solely on my own editing chops and the grammar and spellcheck in Microsoft Word. But Word changed its grammar and spellcheck somewhere along the way, and not for the better, in my humble opinion. So I began using Grammarly’s free version* for a while. Eventually, I became curious about the paid version. A year or so ago, I decided to give it a go and discovered it was ideal for my needs. (*That’s an affiliate link. If you sign up, it won’t cost you more, but I’ll earn a small commission.)
Do I follow all of its suggestions? Nope. (And you shouldn’t either.) These products are great at understanding the rules and pointing out when you violate the rules. But they’re not good at recognizing when you’re breaking a rule intentionally, which good writers do all the time. Still, Grammarly is excellent at catching critical errors, and it’s good at making me stop and think if the way I’ve deliberately written something is the best way.
When it comes to choosing the so-called “best” copywriting tools, you need to learn what works best for you. Whether you choose Grammarly or an alternative, you do need some sort of good grammar and spellcheck. (That’s true for all writers.)
Don’t skimp. And don’t think you’re above needing help.
Writing blog posts and optimized website copy is my bread and butter as a freelancer. The main goal of this content is to bring people in via organic search.
This blog post you’re reading is a great example. You likely landed here because you searched on something like “best copywriting tools” or “SEO copywriting tools.”
That’s not luck on my part. It’s strategic. I use SEO copywriting tools, specifically keyword research tools, to uncover the best opportunities for optimizing a piece of online content so it will rank high in search results.
Confession: I used to bristle when it came to conducting keyword research on my own. I preferred having the keyword phrases handed to me. Why? I didn’t always feel confident in my ability to look at numbers and stats. And earlier keyword tools (think the early to mid-aughts) weren’t as user-friendly (in my estimation) for regular folks like me. But they’ve come a long way, and in recent years, I’ve embraced doing keyword research.
But Semrush does so much more than keyword research. You can do site audits and backlink gap analyses. You can do competitor research. Plug in a competitor’s domain and see things like their domain authority score and ranking keywords, among other things. You can get content ideas and tips for improving existing content that has a great opportunity for performing better. It might be able to do your laundry, too!
Semrush might feel overwhelming when you first log in. I recommend reading these:
Semrush offers a free trial and different paid tiers. I’m a paid subscriber because I conduct keyword research regularly for clients and myself.
I realize that cost might not work if you’re a new copywriter. Luckily, some good free keyword tools exist. So you can start with those if you’re just launching your freelance copywriting business. But if you find that you’re doing a lot of SEO copywriting, I recommend investing in a paid tool and figuring that cost into your client quotes.
Best AI copywriting tool: Let’s address the elephant in the room.
Ask 20 copywriters about AI and you’ll get 20 different opinions. The one thing I am confident about is this: No one knows with any certainty how AI will affect the copywriting landscape. Certainty only comes in hindsight.
But here’s my hot take as I answer this question in August 2024.
AI is not new, generally speaking.
But widely accessible large language models (LLMs) are, relatively speaking. ChatGPT was the tipping point because it’s the LLM that everyone started playing with and talking about back in late 2022.
But plenty of other AI copywriting tools existed before ChatGPT hit the scene, like Writer and Jasper.
I have experience with Writer (through a client) and ChatGPT Plus, which I pay for.
TL;DR: I think copywriters just starting out will do fine with the free version of ChatGPT. If you can swing the $20/month and you find you’re using it regularly, consider upgrading to ChatGPT Plus.
OK, so what about my experience with Writer?
With Writer, I had a “seat” on a client’s Writer account, so I was able to work with the product up close and personal. Can I speak to every feature? Nope. But I can tell you about my experience.
For writing purposes, I didn’t find it much better or different than ChatGPT for writing or Grammarly for editing. Writer did OK. It was fine. But I didn’t think it produced copy with that special something-something that makes copy sing.
The average reader wouldn’t have batted an eye at the output. But the whole point of hiring a professional writer is to elevate your copy. Most people can’t point to what makes a piece of copy special. But they know it when they read it. They can feel it. Good copy acts on a subconscious level. Training a machine on something like gut feel is impossible because it doesn’t have a gut. You need good writers for that.
(I will say this: When I hear ChatGPT talk aloud, its spoken voice is more nuanced than its written voice. So perhaps over time, the writing output from AI products will improve.)
Bottom line: In my experience, these AI copywriting tools write perfectly adequate copy but not special copy. They are excellent tools for doing certain things—just not writing fresh, original content.
And that’s exactly how I feel about ChatGPT, too, even though I consider it my go-to AI tool.
ChatGPT 4o is an excellent tool for many things except writing original content with an authentic voice (even with training). That’s where we’re at with it right now. But I suspect ChatGPT and other AI copywriting tools will get better with time.
However, and this is a BIG however, I don’t believe AI isn’t going to replace all human writers.
Sure, some folks will fall away. Honestly? They probably would have anyway.
But the reason I’m not especially worried about AI writing tools coming for me is because effective writing involves thinking. It involves understanding nuance. It involves understanding that sometimes breaking a grammar or punctuation rule makes sense because the writing simply sounds better. (Go re-read my blurb above about Grammarly. Grammarly is an AI tool as well.)
AI doesn’t think. (As far as I’m concerned, that’s a feature, not a bug.) Also, AI writing tools aren’t proactive.
For example, ChatGPT won’t be privy to the magical conversations you have with clients when they share a random aside and you think, “That would make a great blog post, video, or social media post.”
That said, ChatGPT is a great tool for copywriters.
Things ChatGPT does well that can help you with your work:
Analysis. For example, give it ten of your client’s competitors’ websites and have it create a short report on themes, keywords, and opportunities.
Brainstorming. From blog post titles to email subject lines.
Outlining. Short-form and long-form content.
Interview prep. I use it to help develop questions to ask subject matter experts.
Audience profiles/personas.
Transcript review/consolidation.
Feedback. Ask it to provide feedback on your writing.
The challenge is that not every business (even the big guys) will necessarily agree or realize that human writers are still needed. They might think all they need is an AI product. I suspect they will learn the hard way that having an AI tool isn’t enough. It’s a hammer. And you still need someone who knows how to wield the hammer. And even more importantly, you need someone who understands what it takes to build a solid house.
AI is a tool just like any other tool.
Again, if you’re just getting started with AI, use the free version of ChatGPT. Experiment. Read up on how to prompt it. Practice your prompts. Review the output. Ask ChatGPT to revise. Practice using it for things other than straight content creation (see the list above).
But once again, that’s my opinion. Find the AI copywriting tool that makes sense for you. (Yes, I do think you should have one in your toolbox. You don’t want to get behind the curve. And these tools can do some things really well.) And if you find you like Writer, Jasper, or some other tool more, great! Use the AI tool that works best for you.
Other tools for copywriters
Zoom
I was using Zoom pre-pandemic, and I’ve loved it since the beginning. Why do I feel the need for conferencing software? Couldn’t a phone call work? Well, with Zoom, you can share screens, which comes in handy (for example, when showing a website mockup). Plus, I can record the calls on Zoom as well. I can also have multiple people join the call (which is sometimes necessary—I’ve been on calls with five or six people on the client side). Not to mention, most people are comfortable with Zoom (thanks to the pandemic).
I’m currently on the Pro plan, which works great for my needs and budget. You can certainly start with the free version, but beware there’s a 40-minute limit on phone calls. I can almost guarantee that you WILL have calls that go over 40 minutes, and it can be embarrassing or ruin the vibe when you have to pause and send out a new invite.
Note: I record ALL client calls. I always let them know and remind them that nothing will be used against them in a court of law. (This always elicits a chuckle.) Recording eliminates the need for me to frantically take notes (which I can never read anyway). Instead, I can focus on the substance of the conversation. I can also turn the recording into a transcript, which brings me to my next tool for copywriters.
Rev
I mentioned above that I always record my calls. From there, I upload the calls to Rev.com to get the recording transcribed. I’ve used both manual transcription, where a human listens and transcribes word-for-word, and AI, which does automated transcription. The two biggest differences between the two? Price and accuracy. Humans are much more accurate, but I have to admit the AI is pretty close (depending on how good the recording itself is—a client on a landline vs. in the car).
I tend to use humans for complex interviews involving medical topics (I write for a urology practice), but AI works great for almost everything else.
As for pricing, as I write this, the human transcription is $1.25/minute while the AI is .25 a minute. (And keep in mind that this is a legitimate business expense for a writer. I have a line item in my business expenses for Rev.com.)
Note: I’ve heard good things about Temi.com, another AI option.
Dropbox
I find Dropbox particularly handy for big files, like videos or print files.
If I have to share huge files with a client, I drop them into a Dropbox folder and share the view-only link.
For example, I work with a team in a marketing agency for one of my clients. We manage the clients’ employee headshot files, logos, etc. (there are lots of big files). Dropbox makes it easy for everyone, including the client, to have access.
PRO TIP: If you do a lot with video files, here’s a tip. To save space on your hard drive, make your video files available online only. You can always change a video file to “make available offline” when needed, but if you keep all videos available offline, they’ll take up hard drive space on your device. (I found this out the hard way when Bessie, my old PC, was limping along, and then I discovered making that simple switch fixed the problem.)
Canva
When I started out as a copywriter in 2002, I was a firm believer that writers should focus on writing and designers should focus on designing.
But that’s partly because we didn’t have awesome tools that could turn most people into decent enough designers. Don’t get me wrong: We absolutely still need professional designers. But copy and design work together, and more and more clients are looking for people who are more than just a one-trick pony. I’ve softened my stance as a result. There’s no reason why a good writer shouldn’t be able to lay out the copy for a white paper (for example) using software like Canva.
Canva has free and premium versions. I upgraded to premium last year because I was doing more with YouTube thumbnails and some other design initiatives. Canva has ready-made templates and designs awaiting your copy and finishing touches. I find it incredibly intuitive, too.
Slack
You’re likely familiar with Slack. I love it. I’m on various Slacks for clients, and it’s great for quick questions so you can avoid mucking up people’s inboxes.
I don’t pay for Slack; my clients add me to their workspaces.
Lettercount
Lettercount.com is quick, easy, and my favorite price: FREE. I’ve used this site for years. It’s just a box that does a quick character count. It’s perfect for double-checking meta descriptions, title tags, tweets, and anything else restricted by a certain number of characters.
Task management software du jour
This topic makes me chuckle and roll my eyes. Man, are there A LOT of project management tools out there. And you will be amazed at how many different ones you have to juggle. That’s one of the “joys” (she says sarcastically) of being a freelancer. You must be a project management chameleon and get on board with whatever your client is using.
Seriously, google task management software, work management software, or project management software, and you’ll see other names, too.
I don’t have a favorite. Not that it matters if I did because it’s not about me. I must assimilate to whatever tool my client uses. (And if you work with a client long enough, I can almost guarantee that they’ll shift gears at some point.)
I’ll be honest. It can be a pain to use multiple platforms, each with its own quirks and features. Luckily, most are fairly intuitive. (And you can always google your questions and find videos.) And for the most part, as a copywriter, you’re only going into the tool to check assignments and upload or post your work.
Copywriting books: Here are my go-to resources for learning the ins and outs.
I use Amazon Affiliate links below. If you use one of the links to buy something, it won’t cost you more, but I’ll earn a small commission. I only recommend stuff that I believe in. I own both of these books.
https://etrobbins.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/robin-bradley-logo-300x105.png00Robyn Bradleyhttps://etrobbins.com/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/robin-bradley-logo-300x105.pngRobyn Bradley2021-11-29 20:11:462025-01-28 05:32:22Best Tools for Copywriters (My Picks for AI, SEO, and More)